CONSTRUCTING A PROBLEM SOLVING ENVIRONMENT TOOL FOR HYDROLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF LAND USE CHANGE1

ABSTRACT: This paper describes the integration of a comprehensive hydrological model known as the Hydrological Simulation Program Fortran (HSPF) into a problem solving environment (PSE) for watershed management. The original PSE concept was a structure providing web‐based access to a suite of models, including HSPF and other models of in‐stream hydrodynamics, biological impacts and economic effects, for the watershed‐wide assessment of alternative land use scenarios. The present paper describes only the HSPF integration into the PSE program. Example applications to the 148 square kilometer (57 square mile) Back Creek subwatershed in the upper Roanoke River system (1,479 square kilometers or 571 square miles) in southwest Virginia are used to illustrate important concepts and linkages between land development and hydrological change using hypothetical' what if'scenarios. The features of HSPF and its limitations in this context are discussed. The paper as such is a proof‐of‐concept paper and not a completion report. It is intended to describe the PSE tool building process rather than analysis of the many possible simulation outcomes. However, the dominance of raw imperviousness as a contributor to hydrograph response is apparent in all the PSE simulations described in this paper.     

‘The good district’: Newbury as a seed‐bed for success

This study analyses the behaviour of high technology and new firms in the Newbury District of Berkshire in terms of employment, location, genealogy, and local economic impact. It finds that encouraged by good communications networks and a ‘resident electronics establishment’, the direct, as opposed to the indirect, employment consequences are generally encouraging, but not widely replicable. Moreover, the general picture of employment growth masks important differences in labour demand across occupations, particularly with respect to ‘traditional male’ skilled manual workers.     

煤堆自燃原因分析与防治措施

煤氧化自燃既是重大的事故隐患 ,也降低了煤的经济价值。分析了煤堆自燃的原因 ,煤堆易发生自燃的部位 ,并提出防治措施     

分层水环境曝气诱导形成内波的过程与特性

采用分层水库模型,在平均温度梯度为0.37℃/cm条件下,开展了系统的曝气诱导内波的中试研究.分析了曝气诱导形成内波的过程,探究了曝气诱导形成内波的类型,重点揭示了曝气扰动源形式和跃温层厚度对内波形成过程和特性的影响.实验结果表明：扬水曝气产生的气水两相流是一种非定常的周期性扰动源,气水两相流的尾迹带动整个模型水体上下振动,这种振动在分层水体跃温层处诱导形成内波.从激发源角度上说,它是一种尾迹效应波.气弹释放周期在44.06～58.69s之间时,内波波高达到最大,当气弹释放周期达到180s时不能形成连续的内波;曝气器出流口增大,内波波高、周期呈增大趋势.分层水体的跃温层厚度也影响内波的形成,相同温度梯度条件下,随着跃温层厚度的增加,内波的波高、周期随之增大.     

布袋收尘穿漏监测及定位技术现状与展望

综述了国内外布袋收尘穿漏监测及漏袋定位主要技术现状,预测了该技术领域的发展趋势。     

中国污染密集型产业地理分布研究

随着资源环境约束加强,调整产业结构、优化产业空间布局已成为我国经济发展的战略选择。产业空间格局重置过程中,污染密集型产业的转移成为一个迫切需要研究的问题。论文利用2003-2008 年工业企业普查数据,采用Tobit 模型和Heckman 两阶段模型,探讨污染密集型产业地理分布的特征。论文发现,我国污染密集型产业正在进行空间结构调整,长江三角洲、珠江三角洲、京津冀地区污染密集产业不断转出,山东及中部地区开始成为污染密集型产业新的集聚地;造纸等较为轻型产业主要向中部内陆等地区转移,而化学原料及化学制品业等技术密集型产业则更主要在沿海地带重新分布。另外,要素禀赋、环境规制以及全球化对污染密集型产业分布影响显著。其中,技术以及劳动力成本是污染企业区位选择的重要影响因素;受全球化的影响,国际市场潜力对污染企业区位影响更为重要;环境规制与污染企业的成立具有倒U型关系;最后,企业的异质性对于污染企业地理分布也具有显著的影响。文章启示,在产业转移过程中,需要适当的政策引导以最小化对生态环境的破坏。     

Modelling of concentrations along a moving observer in an inhomogeneous plume. Biological application: model of odour-mediated insect flights

We develop a stochastic model for the time-evolution of scalar concentrations and temporal gradients in concentration experienced by observers moving within inhomogeneous plumes that are dispersing within turbulent flows. In this model, scalar concentrations and their gradients evolve jointly as a Markovian process. Underlying the model formulation is a natural generalisation of Thomson’s well mixed condition [Thomson DJ (1987) J Fluid Mech 180:529–556]. As a consequence model outputs are necessarily compatible with statistical properties of scalars observed in experiment that are used here as model input. We then use the model to examine how insects aloft within the atmospheric boundary-layer can locate odour sources by modulating their flight patterns in response to odour cues. Mechanisms underlying odour-mediated flights have been studied extensively at laboratory-scale but an understanding of these flights over landscape scales is still lacking. Insect flights are simulated by combining the stochastic model with a simple model of insect olfactory response. These simulations show the strong influence of wind speed on the distributions of the times taken by insects to locate the source. In accordance with experimental observations [Baker TC, Vickers NJ (1997) In: Insect pheromone research: new directions, pp 248–264; Mafra-Neto A, Cardé RT (1994) Nature 369:142–144], flight patterns are predicted to become straighter and shorter, and source location is predicted to become more likely as the mean wind speed increases. The most probable arrival time to the source decreases with the mean wind speed. It is shown that scale-free movement patterns arising from olfactory-driven foraging stem directly from the power-law distribution of concentration excursion times above/below a threshold level and are robust with respect to variations in Reynolds number. Flight lengths are well represented by a power law distribution in agreement with the observed patterns of foraging bumblebees [Heinrich B (1979) Oecologia 40(3):235–245].     

兽用抗生素在土壤环境中的行为及其生态毒理效应研究进展

目前全球至少有70%左右的抗生素被用于畜牧业和水产养殖业,这些抗生素大多不能被动物完全吸收,以母体或代谢物的形式排出动物体外的抗生素约占用药量的40～90%,排出体外的抗生素大多随粪便等进入环境尤其是土壤环境中并在其中累积.为了明确兽用抗生素对环境中生物等的影响,合理评价兽用抗生素的环境风险,论文就土壤环境中兽用抗生素的来源,兽用抗生素在土壤环境中的吸附、迁移、降解以及对环境中生物的影响等方面进行了综述,在此基础上提出了今后的重点研究方向.     

土工膜渗漏定位方法研究

对偶极子法电极形状和外形尺寸以及其他影响定位的因素进行了深入研究.结果表明:偶极子的检测电压与偶极子的外形尺寸关系不大.偶极子检测电压最大值出现在偶极子中心与漏洞的距离等于偶极子间距的1/2处,并且偶极子的间距越大,检测电压越高.偶极子下沿距离HDPE膜越近,检测电压变化越明显.在多漏洞的情况下,当偶极子的间距小于漏洞间距时,2个漏洞都能被检测出来;当2个漏洞间距小于偶极子间距时,将可能漏检1个漏洞.膜上供电电极的位置对漏洞定位有一定的影响,在测量时应尽可能将供电电极远离测量区.      

考虑火源位置的船舶机舱火-热-结构耦合研究

为准确分析真实火灾条件下的船舶机舱结构力学行为,克服传统标准温升法的缺陷,提出基于火灾动力学模拟器(FDS)和ANSYS的火-热-结构力学耦合分析方法;采用FDS仿真模拟真实火灾场景,获得近机舱内壁面处时变温度场信息,以此温度场信息为边界条件,传输到结构力学行为仿真软件ANSYS中,对机舱结构加载温度荷载并进行瞬态热分...